Exports are made by countries and companies authorized by countries. Export has different types according to the type of exported product or the way it is exported.
Export types are as follows;
- Export subject to prior authorization
- Consignment export
- Free export
- Registered export
- Export of imported goods
- Non-specific export
- Indirect export
- Actual export
- Re-export
- Temporary export
- Export on credit
- Definite export
- Paid export
- Free export
- Protected export
- Exports through commercial leasing
- Transit export
These types of exports are registered with different accounting records by the Ministries of Customs. These species are also of great importance for export statistics.
Export Subject to Pre-Permission
The export of goods whose export has been subject to the permission of a certain authority within the framework of certain laws is called pre-authorized export. It is a form of export applied in all countries that are parties to the agreement in accordance with international laws and agreements. There are also products whose export is prohibited within the framework of these laws.
Raw materials used in drugs were kept under control by creating this export form in 1992 due to disarmament and animal rights. Poppy, ammunition, weapons, spare parts for weapons, drugs, fertilizers, animals or products such as wolves, pigs, foxes, race horses, natural mushrooms and seafood are some of them.
Consignment Export
The question of what is consignment export is one of the most curious subjects. Consignment export is defined as giving the goods to the buyer as consignment, while the ownership of the goods remains with the seller. It is the process of sending a company or business to other businesses or companies for sale at a predetermined price.
There is a tripartite relationship in consignment sales. The consignor is the consignee, who sells the goods, who receives the goods and who is the consignee. It is a sale that includes the payment of the price of the goods when sold, where a seller sells his goods to another seller at a determined price without receiving any price in the consignment sales transaction.
Free Export
Let’s take a look at the free exports that many countries frequently make and what goods they consist of. The form of export made free of charge without any foreign currency input in return is called bonus export. Free export does not apply to goods or living things that are prohibited or subject to permission. In addition, free exports are subject to permission and the license period is limited to one year.
Some of the goods that can be exported free of charge are as follows;
- Spare parts and service products of exported products under warranty
- Goods used for promotion and advertising
- Samples of goods to be exported
- Goods for foreign nationals to take to their home country
- Goods sent by universities and municipalities for a specific project or due to their duties
- Aid materials to be sent by foundations and associations working for the benefit of society for natural disasters
- Free export permit is given for these goods and materials by the general secretariat of the exporter union.
Registered Export
It is still wondered what the export and which goods are covered by the registration made by the general secretariat of the exporters union. This type of export, which must take place within a certain period of time, can be interpreted differently by many exporting companies. Export starts with the registration of the goods specified in the communiqués published by the Undersecretariat of Customs with the customs declarations and the General Secretariat of the Exporters Union.
Then they have to send it to the customs authorities. This period has been determined as thirty days. Meerschaum, licorice root, original intestines, untreated olives, live cattle, sheep and goats are some of the notable export products. In addition, it depends on the registration in exports to countries that are subject to economic sanctions by the decision of the United Nations.
Export of Imported Goods
The goods subject to export do not need to be produced in that country. It can be used in imported goods for export. It is important how to export the imported goods realized in this way. This form of export is a system made by many countries.
The export of imported goods is used for export by re-evaluating or processing the goods that have been imported and whose taxes have been paid. There is no requirement to process the goods for this export. Again, this form of export can be made within the framework of customs legislation and certain laws.
Non-Exclusive Export
Some products pose a safety risk, or are subject to a special permit for animal rights. Some products are banned for many reasons, such as high security risk. Some products are goods that do not require any permission or prohibition. Non-exclusive export products also consist of these goods. There is no problem in the export and import of these goods. The documents approved by the exporter’s union, which is the normal procedure for the export of these goods, are submitted to the customs directorate.
Indirect Export
When businesses decide to go abroad, they choose the indirect export route, which is less risky in terms of export. Indirect export is preferred because the disadvantages of direct export are high. If indirect export is to be preferred, speed, cost and control should be investigated. For this, the subject of indirect export is investigated. It is the sale of the goods of companies that do not export on their own, through foreign companies.
It is possible for businesses or companies to turn to exports as their resources increase. In some sources, internal and external export channels are examined as the same. Internal export distribution channels include export brokers, established foreign buyers, export traders and export management businesses. In foreign export channels, there are distributors, sales representatives, foreign sales branches, etc. takes place.
Actual Export
Trade is a business that comes from the past and is carried out by human beings. Trade is an important way of enriching people and institutions and at the same time developing the country. For this reason, thanks to trade, countries become economically rich. This is where exports come into play. The sale of goods abroad is export. Thanks to exports, countries progress economically. At the beginning of the questions that come to mind here is the question of actual export and how it is applied. The answer is as follows:
The goods to be exported within the framework of customs laws are examined and loaded on the vehicle is called actual export. In actual export, orders are taken and preliminary negotiations are provided. In these preliminary meetings, issues such as price negotiations, payment methods and delivery methods are discussed. Then the production of the goods is prepared and the delivery of the goods is made. At the delivery of the goods, the goods are inspected and delivered. It is one of the jobs that requires a very important procedure.
Re-Export
What is the re-export that can be made without the need for raw materials, and for which materials is it made the most? In this method, which is also applied by many colonial countries, raw materials can be taken from different countries and exported after a few repairs and maintenance. Re-export can also be exported to imported goods without any maintenance and repair.
Goods purchased from countries with lower prices appear as a method of selling higher prices after a few small transactions. In this export method, the exporting company can earn big profits without making big investments. Re-export type is a method applied for herbal products imported from different countries in our country. This type of export is subject to official controls.
Temporary Export
What is temporary export, also known as escrow export, and how is it applied. It is the situation where the goods sent to a different country are returned after a certain period of time without any change. This situation is recorded as temporary export in customs records. There is a certain period of time in the form of this export and it takes place within this period. There are some goods and materials that are subject to temporary export.
Some of them are as follows;
- Vehicles; The vehicle leaving the country with temporary export can stay abroad for a maximum of three years. If the vehicle, which has to enter the country within three years, suffers a major damage, malfunctions, is seized in the country where it is located, and natural disasters are documented, the time extension can be made.
- Non-commercial goods; It is the temporary exportation of goods that do not have any commercial value in the country or abroad. It must enter the country within three years after export.
- Exhibition Materials: These are the exhibition products issued for the exhibition or fair to be held abroad.
- Apart from these products, movies, sound tapes and rental goods can also go abroad through temporary export. These items can stay abroad for three years and a fine is imposed by the ministry for products that do not enter the country at the end of this period. These goods can be converted into permanent export with customs declarations.
Credit Export
Among the issues that exporters are most curious about is the question of what is export on credit. Applications for credit export requests are submitted to the exporting associations, together with the Turkish translation of the sales contract, which includes the payment period, type of goods and payment plan. Within the scope of the regulations to be brought by the Undersecretariat, the opinion of the Undersecretariat is taken regarding the credit export requests regarding the goods.
The remaining goods are reported to the exporting unions in line with the principles specified in the sales contract and finalized by the exporting unions. If credit export requests are deemed appropriate, they are approved by the export unions by deducting the credit validity on the customs declaration. Starting from the actual export date, credit export non-durable consumer goods cannot exceed 2 years and other goods cannot exceed 5 years.
Final Export
Goods subject to export can be exported in different ways, provided that it is included in the process. One of them is the situation that is subject to a trial period or that the purchase is made as a result of some tests. In this case, the export takes place by specifying the properties that should be in the material. Another application is the answer to the question of what is a definite export. It is the definitive export of the goods exported on the basis of a certain contract. The final export in return for a certain foreign currency is called the final export. In the final export, there must be a commercial agreement and the foreign exchange corresponding to the export.
Paid Export
There are export types according to economic gain. These are free exports and paid exports. What are paid exports and gains? A paid export is a form of export made with a certain foreign currency, which is the opposite of free export. In this export, the state or export companies sign a certain contract with a different state or import company. According to this agreement, they send the goods they will send from the customs. They give this contract to the customs along with certain documents. It covers many export types such as export with payment, export on credit, indirect export. According to the country’s foreign trade policy, one of the biggest foreign exchange incomes is paid exports.
Free Export
Most of the companies dealing with exporting are free exports. For this reason, free export is one of the subjects of interest. They are the areas within the borders of a country but outside the customs borders of the country, enabling companies to enter international markets without import and export restrictions, and where factors are minimized. Free export is based on Roman and Greek Civilizations.
Free zones have been operating in Hong Kong, Singapore and the island of Gibraltar since the 18th century. The purpose of free export is to increase the production and export of goods. It also encourages the country’s foreign capital venture. The subjects of the free zones are the same and the goods can be brought to the free zone without being checked by the customs officials. Free zones, transit trade, duties, taxes, foreign market-intensive production companies, etc. It benefits consultancy and insurance companies.
Protected Export
What is a protected export and what should be considered in this export? It can be defined as the goods that the exporting state or private companies buy under a certain protection. In this export, export takes place by protecting the country’s resources for the goods subject to export. A quota for export and import is determined for goods purchased more cheaply in the international market. Goods that can be exported within the scope of this quota are realized within the scope of protected export. Each country sets export and import quotas for different products in order to protect their own resources, and they do not exceed the quota they set.
Export via Commercial Leasing
The export process to be made through commercial leasing begins with the application to the exporters association with the contract and application form to be made between the lessee company and the company or organization. The commercial lease agreement must include the type of property to be leased, its value (in foreign currency and TL) and the lease term. Applications can be accepted by exporting associations within the framework of certain provisions.
If the lien has more than one right with the removal of the lien, all of them can be exported by leasing with a notary approval document. The rental period is again determined by the exporting associations and this period cannot exceed three years. Additional time may be requested for justified reasons and before the end of the lease term. In case of export to be made through commercial leasing and the sale of the leased goods, it is taxed over its domestic value.
Transit Export / Trade
Transit export / trade is the process of exporting a product imported from a different country to a different country without making any changes. No change or packaging is made for the goods subject to transit export. These goods arrive at the customs and are exported to a different country without entering the country through customs. VAT and similar taxes are not collected in transit exports. The invoice received by the company for the imported materials and the copy of the invoice to be imported are delivered to the customs.
There is no VAT tax on the invoice to be issued by the firm to the firm or country to which it will be exported. Since this form of trade is not subject to customs law, it is exempt from taxes and duties. Although it is exempt from customs law, it is also prohibited to export to countries whose export is prohibited and materials whose export is prohibited by this method. This method is an easy application and is a system that earns the country a great deal of foreign currency.